[单选题]资料：Evenasrichcountriesseektoridworkplacesofsubtlegenderbias,inmanydevelopingonesdiscriminationremainsovert.AccordingtotheWorldBank,womenarebarredfromcertainjobsin104countries.(1)
“Genderequalityinlabourlawisassociatedwithmorewomenworkingandearningmorerelativetomen,”saysSarahIqbaloftheBank.Yetsomecountriespublishlistsofjobsdeemedtoodangerousforwomen(Russia’s456includedrivingatrainorsteeringaship).Othersstopwomenfromworkinginentiresectors,atnightorin“morallyinappropriate”jobs(inKazakhstanwomencannotbleedorstuncattle,pigsorsmallruminants).Infourcountrieswomencannotregisterabusiness.In18ahusbandcanstophiswifeworking.A(2)
Theaimisoftentoprotectthe“weakersex”.Somelawsputwomeninthesamecategoryaschildren;theyconcernjobsseenasphysicallytough,suchasmining,constructionandmanufacturing.Othersrelatetobroadersafetyfears.InMumbai,forexample,femaleshopkeeperscannotworkaslateasmaleones.Otherlawsareintendedtoprotectcapacitytobearchildren.“Suchpoliciesoftenhavedemographicmotivations,especiallyincountrieswithlowbirthrates,”saysMsIqbal.(3)
RestrictionsonnightworkoriginatedinEnglandduringtheIndustrialRevolution.BIn1948theInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)stillsoughttokeepwomenawayfromminesandindustrialnightwork.Spaindidnotliftrestrictionsonfemaleworkersinmining,electricityandsomeconstructionjobsuntil1995.Somebansonwomen’sworkstillinplaceinformercoloniesareremnantsofthe1960SpanishCivilCode,theNapoleonicCodeorCommonwealthlaws.(4)
Somelawsareofsurprisinglyrecentorigin:Vietnam’sbanonwomendrivingtractorsof50horsepowerormorecameintoforcein2013.Butonbalance,thetrendistowardsliberalisation.InrecentyearsBulgaria,KiribatiandPolandhaveremovedallrestrictions;ColombiaandCongohavegotridofsome.Othercountrieshavechangedlawsinlightoftechnologicaladvancesthathavemademanyjobssaferandlessreliantonbruteforce,orhaveseencourtsoverturnbansasdiscriminatory.C(5)
Labourshortagesarealsoleadingtochange.WhenmanymaleminersleftMarmato,inColombia,tofindbetterpayelsewhere,femalereplacementsweretolerated,eventhoughhiringthembrokethelaw.Similarly,whenmaletruckersineasternEuropeancountriesthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionleftforwesternones,pressuretoletwomenreplacethemincreased.AndtheendofabanonwomenworkingnightsinthePhilippinesin2011wascheeredonbycall-centres,whichneedstaffduringdaytimeinAmericaandEurope.(6)
Somesex-specificrestrictionsarecalledfor,saystheILO,particularlyinthecaseofpregnantandbreast-feedingwomen,forexamplewhenworkingwithchemicals.(SuchtemporaryandspecificprecautionsarenotcountedintheWorldBank’sstudy.)But,concludestheILO,blanketprotectiveprohibitionsare“increasinglyobsolete”.D(7)
Whichofthefollowingisthereasonforthechangerelatedtogenderdiscriminationinjobmarket?
A
Some jobs are too dangerous for women.
B
Men are hunting higher paid jobs in other places.
C
In specific areas women are paid higher than men.
D
Women have the choice of not bearing children.
正确答案：B
题目解析
本题考查的是细节理解。
【关键词】reason;forthechangerelatedtogenderdiscrimination
【主题句】第6自然段Labourshortagesarealsoleadingtochange.WhenmanymaleminersleftMarmato,inColombia,tofindbetterpayelsewhere,femalereplacementsweretolerated,eventhoughhiringthembrokethelaw.Similarly,whenmaletruckersineasternEuropeancountriesthatjoinedtheEuropeanUnionleftforwesternones,pressuretoletwomenreplacethemincreased.AndtheendofabanonwomenworkingnightsinthePhilippinesin2011wascheeredonbycall-centres,whichneedstaffduringdaytimeinAmericaandEurope.劳动力短缺也导致了变化的发生。当许多男性矿工离开哥伦比亚的马托马，到其他地方找到更好的待遇时，即便雇用女性违法，还是容许了女性替代男性工作。同样，当加入欧盟的东欧国家的男性卡车司机前往西方国家务工时，让女性替代他们的压力增加了。2011年，菲律宾废除女性在夜间工作的禁令，让需要白班工作人员的美欧呼叫中心大为欢呼。
【解析】本题的问题是“以下哪项是与就业市场中的性别歧视相关变化的原因？”A选项“有些工作对女性来说太危险了”；B选项“男性正在其他地方寻找薪水较高的工作”；C选项“在特定领域，妇女的报酬高于男子”；D选项“女人可以选择不带孩子”。根据主题句，性格歧视变化主要原因是劳动力短缺，从而导致允许女性代替男性工作，故选B。
